Investigation of inner-basin variation: Impact of large reservoirs on water regimes of downstream water bodies

Large dams and reservoirs alter not only the natural flow regimes of streams and rivers but also their flooding cycles and flood magnitudes. Although the effect of dams and reservoirs has been reported for some vulnerable locations, the understanding of the inner-basin variation with respect to the effects remains limited. In this study, we analyse the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) built on the Changjiang mainstream (Yangtze River) to investigate the dam effect variations in the system of interconnected water bodies located downstream. We investigated the effect of flow alterations along the downstream river network using discharge time series at different gauging stations. The river–lake interactions (referring to the interactions between the Changjiang mainstream and its tributary lakes i.e. the Dongting and Poyang lakes) and their roles in modifying the TGD effect intensity were also investigated in the large-scale river–lake system. The results show that the water storage of the tributary lakes decreased after the activation of the TGD. Severe droughts occurred in the lakes, weakening their ability to recharge the Changjiang mainstream. As a consequence, the effect of the TGD on the Changjiang flow increase during the dry season diminished quickly downstream of the dam, whereas its impact on the flow decrease during the wet season gradually exacerbated along the mainstream, especially at sites located downstream of the lake outlets. Therefore, when assessing dam-induced hydrological changes, special attention should be paid to the changes in the storage of tributary lakes and the associated effects in the mainstream. This is of high importance for managing the water resource trade-offs between different water bodies in dam-affected riverine systems.     

末次冰消期（1.9万年）以来冲绳海槽中部黏土矿物来源及其环境响应

基于采自冲绳海槽中部的CS2站柱状沉积物黏土矿物和AMS¹⁴C年代分析，探讨了末次冰消期以来冲绳海槽中部黏土矿物的物质来源及其环境指示意义。结果显示，CS2站黏土矿物以伊利石为主，其次为绿泥石，高岭石和蒙脱石含量较少。根据黏土矿物分布趋势变化，CS2站柱状沉积物可划分为3个阶段：阶段（I 19~12 ka BP）和阶段Ⅱ （12~8 ka BP）期间沉积物主要来源于长江，台湾和黄河物质也有一定影响，其物质来源主要受海平面升降的控制；阶段Ⅲ（8~0 ka BP）主要来源于长江和台湾，黄河贡献有限，主要受黑潮演化的影响。CS2站（蒙脱石+高岭石） （/伊利石+绿泥石）比值可以作为东亚季风演化的矿物学指标，指标变化显示出东亚冬季风强度相对夏季风的强度在16.4~14.8 ka BP和12.8~11.6 ka BP期间有两次显著的加强，指示当时气候相对寒冷干燥，结果可以与格陵兰冰心δ¹⁸O和三宝洞δ¹⁸O记录等很好对比。     

Effect of spatially variable saturated hydraulic conductivity with non-stationary characteristics on the stability of reservoir landslides

Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment - Conventional landslide analyses, based on deterministic methods or simple random variable methods, cannot consider the spatial variability...     

Dynamic modelling of retrogressive landslides with emphasis on the role of clay sensitivity

This paper presents a detailed numerical study of the retrogressive failure of landslides in sensitive clays. The dynamic modelling of the landslides is carried out using a novel continuum approach, the particle finite element method, complemented with an elastoviscoplastic constitutive model. The multiwedge failure mode in the collapse is captured successfully, and the multiple retrogressive failures that have been widely observed in landslides in sensitive clays are reproduced with the failure mechanism, the kinematics, and the deposition being discussed in detail. Special attention has been paid to the role of the clay sensitivity on each retrogressive failure as well as on the final retrogression distance and the final run‐out distance via parametric studies. Moreover, the effects of the viscosity of sensitive clays on the failure are also investigated for different clay sensitivities.     

Stratification response of soil water content during rainfall events under different rainfall patterns

Many researchers have studied the influence of rainfall patterns on soil water movement processes using rainfall simulation experiments. However, less attention has been paid to the influence under natural condition. In this paper, rainfall, soil water content (SWC), and soil temperature at 10‐, 20‐, 30‐, 40‐, and 50‐cm depths were simultaneously monitored at 1‐min intervals to measure the variation in SWC (SWCv) in response to rainfall under different rainfall patterns. First, we classified rainfall events into four patterns. During the study period, the main pattern was the advanced rainfall pattern (38% of all rainfall events), whereas the delayed, central, and uniform rainfall patterns had similar frequencies of about 20%. During natural rainfall, rainwater rapidly passed through the top soil layers (10–40 cm) and was accumulated in the bottom layer (50 cm). When a high rainfall pulse occurred, the water storage balance was disturbed, resulting in the drainage of initial soil water from the top layers into the deeper layers. Therefore, the critical function of the top layers and the bottom layers was infiltration and storage, respectively. The source of water stored in the bottom layer was not only rainfall but also the initial soil water in the upper soil layers. Changes in soil temperature at each soil depth were comonitored with SWCv to determine the movement characteristics of soil water under different rainfall patterns. Under the delayed rainfall pattern, preferential flows preferred to occur. Under the other rainfall patterns, matrix flow was the main form of soil water movement. Rainfall amount was a better indicator than rainfall intensity for SWCv in the bottom layer under the delayed rainfall pattern. These results provide insights into the responses of SWCv under different rainfall patterns in northern China.     

两种方法提取肠浒苔挥发油成分的比较研究

本研究分别采用水蒸气蒸馏法(SD)和溶剂提取法(SE)提取肠浒苔(Ulva intestinalis)的挥发油,通过GC-MS技术对其进行化学成分分析,以峰面积归一法对各成分进行相对定量.结果显示,SD法对肠浒苔挥发油的提取率(0. 038%)低于SE法(0. 800%). SD法所获得的肠浒苔挥发油共鉴定出46种成分,占挥发油总成分的81. 63%,SE法所获得的挥发油共鉴定出30种成分,占挥发油总成分的94. 89%,两者相同成分21种,主要成分均为烃类和醛类物质. SD样品中十五醛的相对含量最高(18. 12%),SE样品中8-十八烷烯的相对含量最高(51. 49%).     

黑河中游夏季昼夜水汽同位素特征及水汽来源分析

基于2012年6~8月的实测水汽同位素数据及相关气象数据，对黑河中游夏季昼夜的同位素基本特征、水汽来源方向及潜在蒸发源地进行了研究。结果表明：空气水汽线斜率白天大于夜晚和水汽过量氘值白天大于夜晚，综合说明白天局地蒸发较夜晚强烈；夏季受西风水汽影响显著。其中，6月主要受西风水汽和北冰洋水汽影响，7、8月主要受西风水汽和东南方向水汽影响，且8月受东南方向水汽影响最为明显；水汽运移路径上下垫面地形和气压带移动会影响水汽后向轨迹高度，西北方向上水汽输送通道较顺畅，风速较大，有利于水汽的输送；水汽蒸发源地主要集中在研究区周围及以东、以北部，其次是西北部。绿洲是主要的水汽蒸发源地，其次是城市和河流，白天较夜晚局地蒸发强烈且面积大。     

Correspondence between the large volcanic eruptions and ENSO events over AD 1525–2000

ENSO is an interannual mode which may be affected by external forcing, such as volcanic eruptions. Based on the reconstructed volcanic eruptions chronology and ENSO sequences, both 195 large volcanic eruptions(VEI≥4) and 398 ENSO(El Ni?o and La Ni?a) events were extracted from 1525 to 2000. An analysis of the correspondence between the large volcanic eruptions and ENSO events was performed by matching the large volcanic eruptions with the types and magnitudes of ENSO events present in the 0–2 years after the eruptions. The results show the following:(1) The percentages of ENSO events within the 3 years after the large eruptions had increased to 68.3% from 31.7% compared with those with no-eruptions in the previous 0–2 years. In addition, the ratio of El Ni?o to La Ni?a events turned from 2:3 to 1:1, and more El Ni?o events occurred in the 0 year after eruptions in the low-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and in the tropics but more La Ni?a events occurred in the 0 year after in the high-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere.(2) After the eruptions, the weak(W) El Ni?o events had increased by 8 percentage points and the very strong(VS) El Ni?o events had decreased by 10 percentage points; conversely, there was a decrease by 15 percentage points of the weak La Ni?a events and an increase by 11.4 percentage points of the very strong La Ni?a events. Specifically, the percentages of strong La Ni?a events increased to a peak at 1(+1) year after the eruptions.(3) The percentage of eruptions followed by single-year ENSO was the greatest. The percentage of ENSO events that occurred in the consecutive 2 years following an eruption was approximately equal to the percentage of events that occurred consecutively 3 years following an eruption, and both sets of ENSO magnitudes showed a decreasing trend.     

Pedestrian network generation based on crowdsourced tracking data

ABSTRACT

Pedestrian networks play an important role in various applications, such as pedestrian navigation services and mobility modeling. This paper presents a novel method to extract pedestrian networks from crowdsourced tracking data based on a two-layer framework. This framework includes a walking pattern classification layer and a pedestrian network generation layer. In the first layer, we propose a multi-scale fractal dimension (MFD) algorithm in order to recognize the two different types of walking patterns: walking with a clear destination (WCD) or walking without a clear destination (WOCD). In the second layer, we generate the pedestrian network by combining the pedestrian regions and pedestrian paths. The pedestrian regions are extracted based on a modified connected component analysis (CCA) algorithm from the WOCD traces. We generate the pedestrian paths using a kernel density estimation (KDE)-based point clustering algorithm from the WCD traces. The pedestrian network generation results using two actual crowdsourced datasets show that the proposed method has good performance in both geometrical correctness and topological correctness.     

青藏高原农区农户的家庭能源消费研究

农村能源转型是能源消费革命的重要组成部分。基于问卷调查和入户访谈,对青海省10个县（区）的318户农区家庭用能信息进行调查,辨识了青海省农区不同收入分层家庭的能源消费模式,并通过建立典型家庭能源流模型,总结了家庭能获取-消费-废弃过程的形态变化。结果显示：青海省农区家庭能源消费以煤炭、薪柴和秸秆为主,非商品能源消费占比为49.6%,清洁能源使用率低。煤炭消费在5类家庭中均占比最高,薪柴和秸秆消费在低收入家庭占比较高。高收入家庭能源消费类型更多,消费量也大,能源流动更复杂。最后,根据青海省的经济地理特征,提出相应政策建议。